The emigration of Prophet Muhammad and the Meccan Muslims to Medina launched a new era; it was here that they founded first Islamic state.  Before the emigration, the Muslims of Medina used to pray in different congregations, but after the arrival of our Prophet, they all wanted to pray in one congregation. This meant that a small mosque, a masjid, be built. Our Prophet decided to build a masjid with his Companions. They first established the location and began to build it. As construction continued, an event unparalleled in human history took place. Until that time, only slaves would work the construction jobs or other heavy tasks. The owners of slaves would watch from the shadows.
Although Prophet Muhammad was a prophet and leader, he began to dig with a spade along with the slaves; at first, they were bewildered, but then everybody began to work with the slaves.
When we think that in some parts of the world there is still discrimination based on race or religion, we can easily  recognize the importance of the equality that Prophet Muhammad demonstrated 1,400 years ago.
The masjid built by the most distinguished people of the world, Prophet Muhammad and his Companions, was soon completed and opened for worship. The Muslims prayed there five times a day and they eagerly attended the conversations of the Prophet after prayers. The masjid was the only place for their social activities. Apart from praying five times a day, it was also the house of knowledge and culture and a symbol of cooperation, unity and a spirit of fellowship.
While the ayats (verses) of belief were generally revealed in Mecca, the ayats regarding the rules of Islam were revealed in Medina, and these were immediately put into action.
The Companions who matured spiritually and who were purified from sins and other bad habits through Conversations with Prophet Muhammad had become the most civilized people in the world in terms of hygiene.
Before Islam, they would not take baths for weeks; they stunk and they their skin was darker than normal, due to sweat and dirt. After they became Muslims, they frequently took baths (guthl) and smelt pleasant. When they made their ablutions for prayer five times a day, they washed their hands, faces and feet; they passed their wet hands over their heads (mash), and cleaned their mouths and noses.
Making ablutions five times a day was not an action performed anywhere else in the world at this time, which leads us to the conclusion that the first Muslims were in fact the most civilized and hygienic people of their time.
In addition, they used a natural tooth-brush called miswak to clean their teeth. It helped prevent decaying and made the teeth whiter, as well as preventing other oral diseases. Again, the Muslims were the first in the world to be concerned about oral hygiene.
Prophet Muhammad asked the Muslims to be clean, saying “Cleanliness is from Imaan (belief).” He advised them to wash their hands before and after meals, to cut their nails, to remove the hairs under their arms, to refrain from spitting in the streets and not to eat things that smelt heavily of garlic or onion when coming to the mosques.
He paid great attention to hygiene and spiritual cleanliness. He said: “Iman has over seventy branches, the uppermost of which is the declaration: ‘None has the right to be worshipped but Allah’; and the least of which is the removal of harmful objects from the road.” Hence, he introduced another first, voluntarily environmental cleanliness; as a result all the streets of Medina became clean.
The number of literate people in Medina was relatively less than that of Mecca. The people felt no need to learn as they were not interested in trade or literature. After the arrival of Prophet Muhammad, they were required to learn in order to read the Qur’an. In the second year of Hijra, seventy people of Mecca were captured during the Battle of Badr; they were told they could go free if they each taught ten people from Medina how to read and write. They worked hard to do so. Soon, these students began to teach their friends and all of the young people in Medina were soon able to read and write.
When the ayats regarding inheritance were revealed, there emerged a need for mathematics. Since the Qur’an declared that the shares of inheritance was 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3 , 1/3 , or 1/6 , depending on the situation, education in mathematics was necessary to comply with these ayats. These people who had been illiterate not long before Islam quickly learnt mathematics and began to solve the problems of inheritance.
The ayats regarding prayers, fasting, zakat and the pilgrimage are related to the movement of the sun and the moon. Further, the examination of and thinking about the creation of the earth and skies are seen as forms of worship. Therefore, Muslims began to be interested in the science of astronomy. They observed the movements of the moon so that they could determine the times of the fast, the pilgrimage and the religious festivals. They also observed the movements of sun so that they could determine the times of the five daily prayers. They manufactured some clocks, including a sun clock and an alarm clock. 
Harun Rashid, the Abbasid Caliph, sent an alarm clock to the French King, Charles I as a gift. When the clock rang when it was delivered, the King and his entourage kept away from it, assuming that had been possessed.